Which source of bias is identified as not being case-specific?

The identification of organizational factors as a source of bias that is not case-specific is rooted in the understanding that these factors are inherent within an organization's operations and culture, rather than being tied to a specific case or instance. Organizational factors encompass elements such as policies, procedures, norms, and the overall environment of the organization. These can influence how decisions are made and how information is interpreted without being dependent on the particulars of a specific case, thus making them universally applicable across various situations within that organization.

In contrast, the other options each pertain to elements that can be very specific to individual cases. Data, for instance, can fluctuate based on the specific conditions under which it was gathered or analyzed. Contextual information is often unique to the particular circumstances surrounding a case because it reflects the specific environment or situation at hand. Reference material can also vary significantly depending on the case in question, as different cases may require consultation of different sources or types of information. Therefore, the distinguishing characteristic of organizational factors is that they demonstrate a broader, consistent impact across numerous cases rather than being limited to one specific instance.